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Verification - HIII Dummy

Introduction

This document demonstrates that the Hybrid III model (male, 50th percentile) available in IMPETUS meets the requirements stated in SAE-J2856 [1] and the European directive 96/79/EC [2].

Nine different tests are investigated, as seen in the Table below. Test description and targets are taken from SAE-J2856 and the European directive 96/79/EC. Plots presented in this document has been filtered in accordance to SAE J211-3 [3].

Test Ref.
Head impact [1]
Neck flexion [1]
Neck extension [1]
Thorax impact [1]
Knee impact [1]
Knee slider [1]
Upper foot impact [2]
Lower foot impact [2]
Compression of foot [1]

Version control

The tests presented in this document are subjected to version control, meaning that the tests are run and evaluated prior to release of a new solver. This document is updated in conjunction with official releases of the software.

Verification - HIII dummy

Head drop test

Description:

  • The head assembly is dropped from a height of $376 \ mm$ onto a hard surface (assumed rigid).
  • Test description and targets from SAE-J2856J.

Targets:

  • The peak resultant acceleration should be in the range of $225 - 275 \ g$ ( $2207.25 - 2697.75 \ m/s^2$).
  • Oscillations occuring after main acceleration pulse shall be less that 10% (zero to peak) of the main pulse.
  • Lateral acceleration should not exceed $15 \ g$ ($147.2 \ m/s^2$).

Version control checks:

  • Maximum and average resultant and lateral accelerations.

The test setup is presented in Figure 1. Resultant and lateral accelerations vs. time with targets are displayed in Figure 2 and 3 respectively.

head_drop_test_setup
Figure 1. Setup of the head drop test.
50th_HIII_head_drop_test_1
Figure 2. Resultant acceleration vs. time from simulation together with limits. Filter: cfc 1000.
50th_HIII_head_drop_test_2
Figure 3. Lateral accelerations vs. time from simulation together with limit. Filter: cfc 1000.
Neck flexion test

Description:

  • The head and neck assembly is mounted on a pendulum and the assembly reaches a velocity between $6.89 - 7.13 \ m/s$ before deaccelerated in accordance to the SAE-J2856J.
  • Test description and targets from SAE-J2856J.

Targets:

  • Maximum rotation of the D-plane (horizontal plane defined through the base of the scull) should be in the range of $64 - 78^\circ$ within the time interval $57 - 64 \ ms$.
  • The rotation should cross the zero angle at a time between $113 - 128 \ ms$.
  • Maximum moment should be in the range $88.1 -108.4 \ Nm$ within the time interval $47 - 58 \ ms$.
  • The decaying moment should first cross zero between $97 - 107 \ ms$ after time zero.

Version control checks:

  • Maximum, minimum and average torque and rotation.

The model at initiation and at maximum rotation is displayed in Figure 4. Torque and rotation vs. time extracted from the model together with targets are presented in Figure 5 and 6 respectively.

neck_flexion_test_setup
Figure 4. Setup of the neck flexion test. To the left: model at initiation, to the right: model at maximum rotation.
50th_HIII_neck_flexion_tor
Figure 5. Torque vs. time from simulation together with limits. Filter: cfc 600.
50th_HIII_neck_flexion_rot
Figure 6. Rotation vs. time from simulation together with limit. No filter is used.
Neck extension test

Description:

  • Same procedure as in the neck flexion test but the assembly (head and neck) is turned 180°.
  • Test description and targets from SAE-J2856J.

Targets:

  • Maximum rotation of the D-plane (horizontal plane defined through the base of the scull) should be in the range of $81 - 106^\circ$ within the time interval $72 - 82 \ ms$.
  • The rotation should cross the zero angle at a time between $147 - 174 \ ms$.
  • Maximum moment should be in the range of $52.9 - 80.0 \ Nm$ within the time interval $65 - 79 \ ms$.
  • The decaying moment should first cross zero between $120 - 148 \ ms$ after the peak moment.

Version control checks:

  • Maximum, minimum and average torque and rotation.

The model at initiation and at maximum rotation is displayed in Figure 7. Torque and rotation vs. time extracted from the model together with targets are presented in Figure 8 and 9 respectively.

neck_extension_test_setup
Figure 7. Setup of the neck extension test. To the left:model at initiation, to the right: model at maximum rotation.
50th_HIII_neck_extension_tor
Figure 8. Torque vs. time from simulation together with limits. Filter: cfc 600.
50th_HIII_neck_extension_rot
Figure 9. Rotation vs. time from simulation together with limit. No filter is used.
Thorax impact test

Description:

  • The dummy is seated on a horizontal smooth steel surface and no external supports are used.
  • A 23.35 $kg$ cylindrically shaped (D = 152.4 $mm$) test probe impacts the chest with a velocity of 6.71 $m/s$.
  • Test description and targets from SAE-J2856J.

Targets:

  • Maximum sternum-to-spine deflection, measured by a chest displacement transducer should be between $63.5 - 72.6 \ mm$.
  • Maximum force applied by the test probe should be between $5160 - 5894 \ N$.

Version control checks:

  • Maximum and average sternum-to-spine deflection and force.

The model at initiation and at maximum sternum-to-spine deflection is presented in Figure 10. The sternum-to-spine deflection vs. time from the simulation is presented together with targets in Figure 11. The force applied by the probe vs. time is displayed in Figure 12.

thorax_test_setup
Figure 10. Setup of the thorax impact test. To the left: model at initiation. To the right: model at maximum deflection.
50th_HIII_thorax_test_deflection
Figure 11. Sternum-to-spine deflection vs. time from simulation together with upper and lower limits. Filter: cfc 600.
50th_HIII_thorax_test_force
Figure 12. Applied force vs time from simulation together with upper and lower limits. Filter: cfc 1000.
Knee impact test

Description:

  • The knee and lower leg assembly is fixed to a horizontal femur load cell.
  • A cylindrically shaped probe ($m = 5 \ kg$, $D = 76.2 \ mm$) impacts the knee with a velocity of $2.1 \ m/s$.
  • The angle between the load cell and the line defined between the knee and ankle pivots should be $66^\circ$.
  • The foot is not in contact with any exterior surface.
  • Test description and targets from SAE-J2856J.

Targets:

  • Peak impact force should be between $4715 - 5782 \ N$.

Version control checks:

  • Maximum and average force.

The test setup is displayed in Figure 13. The impact force vs. time extracted from the simulation together with targets are presented in Figure 14.

knee_impact_test_setup
Figure 13. Setup of the knee impact test.
50th_HIII_knee_impact_test
Figure 14. Impact force vs. time from the simulation of the knee impact test together with targets. Filter: cfc 600.
Knee slider test

Description:

  • The components included in this test are the knee assembly, a displacement transducer and a femur load cell.
  • The load cell is fixed and q test probe ($m = 12 \ kg$, $D = 76.2 \ mm$) impacts the assembly with a velocity of $2.75 \ m/s$.
  • A load distribution bracket is attached to the knee slider to transmit the energy from the test probe to the knee slider.
  • Test description and targets described in SAE-J2856J.

Targets:

  • The force from the femur load cell vs. the displacement of the knee slider should be within the following limits:
Upper limit
Displacement $[mm]$ 10.2 17.8
Force $[N]$ 1720 3100
Lower limit
Displacement $[mm]$ 10.2 17.8
Force $[N]$ 1260 2270

Version control checks:

  • Maximum and average force.

The initial and final state of the simulation is presented in Figure 15. The force from the load cell vs. displacement of the knee slider is displayed in Figure 16 together with the targets.

knee_slider_test_setup
Figure 15. To the left: initial state of model. To the right: final state of the model.
50th_HIII_knee_slider_test
Figure 16. Force vs. displacement from the simulation of the knee slider test together with targets. Filter: cfc 600.
Upper foot impact test

Description:

  • The leg assembly is mounted to a fixture with the upper leg and foot aligned horizontally and the lower leg aligned vertically.
  • A pendulum consisting of a cylindrically shaped impactor ($m = 1.25 \ kg$, $D = 50 \ mm$) and a pendulum support arm ($m = 285 \ g$, $D = 19 \ mm$) impacts the bottom of the foot ($d = 185 \ mm$ from the base of the heel) with a velocity of $6.7 \ m/s$.
  • Test description and targets from the European directive 96/79/EC.

Targets:

  • The maximum tibia bedning moment should be in the range of $95 - 145 \ Nm$.

Version control checks:

  • Maximum and average bending moment.

The test setup is displayed in Figure 17. The moment vs. deflection from the simulation is presented in Figure 18 together with targets.

upper_foot_test_setup
Figure 17. Setup of the upper foot impact test.
50th_HIII_upper_foot_impact_test
Figure 18. Moment vs. time from the simulation of the upper foot impact test together with targets. Filter: cfc 600.
Lower foot impact test

Description:

  • This test is similar to the upper foot impact test with the difference being that the impact occurs at a distance of $62 \ mm$ from the base of the heel with a velocity $4.4 \ m/s$.
  • Test description and targets from the European directive 96/79/EC.

Targets:

  • The maximum impactor acceleration should be in the range of $245 - 345 \ g$ ($2403.5 - 3384.5 \ m/s^2$).

Version control checks:

  • Maximum and average impactor acceleration.

The test setup is displayed in Figure 19. The impactor acceleration vs. time from the simulation is presented together with targets in Figure 20.

lower_foot_test_setup
Figure 19. Setup of the lower foot impact test.
50th_HIII_lower_foot_impact_test
Figure 20. Acceleration vs. time from the simulation of the lower foot impact test together with targets. Filter: cfc 600.
Foot compression test

Description:

  • The foot assembly is fixed to a compression testing machine.
  • The foot is pressed against a heel pad with a rate of $15 \ mm/min$ until the deflection reaches $8.9 \ mm$.
  • Time zero is defined when the loading force reaches $4.45 \ N$. The displacement is considered to be zero at this time.
  • Test description and targets from SAE-J2856J.

Targets:

  • The force vs. displacement curve should be in between the curves defined as follows:
Upper limit
Displacement $[mm]$ 0.0 2.1 5.2 5.6
Force $[N]$ 27 151 498 667
Lower limit
Displacement $[mm]$ 0.0 5.1 7.8 8.2
Force $[N]$ 0.0 49 445 667

Version control checks:

  • Maximum and average force.

The test setup is displayed in Figure 21. The impact force vs. deflection from the simulation is presented in Figure 22 together with targets.

foot_compression_test_setup
Figure 21. Setup of the foot compression test.
50th_HIII_foot_compression_test
Figure 22. Force vs. displacement from the simulation of the foot compression test together with targets. No filter is used.

References

[1] - User's Manual for the 50th Percentile Male Hybrid III Dummy, SAE international, SAE J2856, 2009.

[2] - Directive 96/79/EC of the European parliament and of the council of 16 December 1996 - On the protection of occupants of motor vehicles in the event of a frontal impact which amend directive 80/156/EEC.

[3] - Instrumentation for Impact Test, Part 1, Electronic Instrumentation, SAE J211-1, 1995.




Tests

This benchmark is associated with 9 tests.