Command manual

This is an anisotropic Cockcroft-Latham based failure criterion. The damage evolution is scaled (accelerated) if the mesh is considered too coarse for an accurate description of the local post necking behaviour.

The material will fail once the damage parameter, $D$, has evolved from 0 to 1.

$\displaystyle{ D = \frac{1}{W_c} \int_0^{\varepsilon_{eff}^p} sf \cdot \mathrm{max}(0,\sigma_1) \mathrm{d}\varepsilon_{eff}^p}$

$\sigma_1$ is the maximum principal stress and $\varepsilon_{eff}^p$ is the effective plastic strain. $W_c$ is a direction dependent ductility parameter. It is obtained by interpolating between $W_{0}$ and $W_{45}$ or between $W_{45}$ and $W_{90}$ (based on the direction of the, in-plane, maximum principal stress). $sf$ is a scale factor for the damage evolution. $sf>1$ if damage has exceeded a threshold value $D_0$ and if the element size divided by the local component wall thickness is larger than $R_0$.

$\displaystyle{ sf = \left\{ \begin{array}{ccc} 1 & : & D \leq D_0 \\ \mathrm{max}\left( 1, \frac{R}{R_0} \right)^c & : & D > D_0 \end{array} \right. }$

The element size is defined differently, depending on element type. Hexahedra elements have three size values, one for each parametric direction. Sizes and directions are stored in a tensor $\mathbf Q$. The element size to wall thickness ratio $R$ is defined by projecting $\mathbf Q$ in the direction of the maximum principal stress $\boldsymbol{\lambda}_1$.

$\displaystyle{ R = \frac{\vert\vert \mathbf{Q} \cdot \boldsymbol{\lambda}_1 \vert\vert}{t_c} }$

Here $t_c$ is the local component wall thickness. It is computed automatically by the solver. Tetrahedra elements are assigned a scalar value for the element size. This scalar value is the average element height in the four different parametric directions.

Model parameters can be defined from a simple tensile specimen test. $W_c$ is a ductility parameter for an element grid that is so fine that the results have converged. $R_0$ is the ratio below which the results have converged. $D_0$ is typically the damage at onset of diffuse necking. That is, the damage level in uni-axial tension where $\sigma(\varepsilon_{eff}^p) = \mathrm{d}\sigma / \mathrm{d}\varepsilon_{eff}^p$. $c$ is a dimensionless tuning parameter. Typical values for both $R_0$ and $c$ are $\approx 0.5$.